Population control through forced sterilization in the past and Essay

Population control through forced sterilization in the past and medication, food in the present - Essay Example In this regard, the state observed a growth of compulsory sterilization laws that encompassed progressive era reforms and the popularity concerning the eugenic movements (Eccleston 2). The reformers proposed the use of mental institutions and prisons to separate these kinds of the population from the people. On the other hand, the eugenicists proposed that the elimination of such persons from the society is the sure way of curbing the problems of criminal tendencies and disabilities. In the contemporary society, there are modifications of eugenics to involve foods and vaccines that harm the populations. Arguably, the use of eugenics has profound adverse effects on the people that consume them, hence, they should be stopped. The medical communities targeted the feebleminded people in the communities because of the challenges posed by their increased numbers. For instance, the doctors referred to the feebleminded as morons, idiots, and imbeciles claiming that they are legible to initiate crime or settle on begging. Eccleston asserts that studies conducted during those times claimed that high-grade morons would grow to become prostitutes and criminals. The research added that, women of the feeble mind bred at very high rates, thus the need to curb this phenomenon since it led to many welfare dependents and crooks (Eccleston 4). Further, the officials of the public welfare elucidated the potential of social inadequacy by relating disability, the socioeconomic status, and criminality. The state then conducted a survey indicated various challenges amongst many individuals. Eccleston notes that, the President of Campell ascertained that the survey indicated a mutual interdependency between delinquency, dependency, and mental defects. The situation meant that there was enough evidence for the state to support the use of eugenics in population control (Eccleston 5). Due to sexual defiance in the society, the

Stylistic - the Bluest Eye Essay Example for Free

Stylistic the Bluest Eye Essay In the passage from The Bluest Eye, written by Toni Morrison, the author writes about difficult challenges that not only the young girls in the book have to face but everyone of that time has to endure. Taking place in the 1940’s the author uses many stylistic devices to demonstrate life at the time, such as The Great Depression, and the realization young girls grow up to find. The early 1940s brought about the end of The Great Depression leaving the country in economic turmoil. Growing up in this time could not have been easy families were split apart in search for jobs, and nothing would grow on the dry grounds. In the passage Claudia reflects over a time in the life when she remembers nothing would grew and having to face difficult challenge of growing up. The passage starts with Claudia saying â€Å"there were no marigolds in the fall of 1941† an allusion to the ending of The Great Depression, a time of economic hardship, started by the stalk market crash and the lack of crop yielded. Claudia reflects back now understanding what was happening saying â€Å"our seeds were not the only ones that did not sprout†. Claudia continues on admitting â€Å" but so deeply concerned we were with the health and safety of Pecola’s baby†; explaining that Claudia and her sister planted marigold, thinking that if they sprouted it would bring about the safe and healthy delivery of Pecolas baby. The author uses a popular quilocial symbolism of the south at the time to convey the â€Å"magic† Claudia and her sister are attempting to bring about; â€Å"we could think nothing but of our own magic; if we planted the right seed and said the right words, everything would be alright. It was common in the south at the time for the blooming of marigolds to represent life, the author uses this quiloquial symbolism to make the reader understand the â€Å"magic† the young girls thought they possessed. In the last part of the passage the author uses a smilie to convey Claudias now mature vision of what happened. Claudia says â€Å"we had dropped our seeds in our little plot of black dirt like Pecolas’ father had dropped his seeds in his own plot of black dirt†. This simile conveys that Claudia now understands that Pecola’s father impregnated his daughter, comparing it to her planting the marigolds. In the next line the author uses a sharp juxtaposition comparing the girls innocence and Pecola’s fathers lust, many people after the Depression were left distraught facing mental illness; Pecola’s Father is a presentation of the unstable mental state of many people at the end of the 1940’s. Claudia realized that not everything in life was magical and would always be ok, he innocence was lost with this realization, like many young girls coming to terms with this same realization, many of whom had never faced economic hardship. Claudia reflects for the last time saying her innocence was lost and all that was left was the â€Å"unyielding earth†. Like many girls her age she realizes in the end that not all people are good, and things are not always going to be ok, this loss of innocence helped her to grow and mature. Following The Great Depression the country lay in an economic reaction that brought about despair and loss of hope for many people. This despair made many people mentally unstable, up until then many young girls had not had the chance to experience this type of hardship, like Claudia the were forced to grow up in order to survive. Claudias story is a representation of the struggles a young girl faced growing up in the 1940’s. It was a time when childhood fairytales were exposed leaving the whole country feeling as if they had lost some of there innocence as well. The earth did not produced as it always had throwing the delicate stock market out of balance, no marigolds bloomed for america in the 1940’s.

Tablet Direct Compression Methods

Tablet Direct Compression Methods Tablets are solid dosage forms usually prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients. The excipients can include binders, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient tableting; disintegrants to promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract; sweeteners or flavours to enhance taste; and pigments to make the tablets visually attractive. They may vary in size, shape, weight, hardness, thickness, disintegration, and dissolution characteristics and in other aspects, depending on their intended use and method of manufacture. Most tablets are used in the oral administration of drugs. Many of this are prepared with colorants and coatings of various types. Other tablets, such as those administered sublingually, buccally, or vaginally, are prepared to have features most applicable to their particular route of administration. Tablets are prepared primarily by compression, with a limited number prepared by molding. Compressed tablets are manufactured with tablet machine s capable of exerting great pressure in compacting. Their shape and dimensions are determined by use of various shaped punches and dies. (Allen, Ansel and Popovich (2004)). In the tablet-pressing process, it is important that all ingredients be fairly dry, powdered or granular, somewhat uniform in particle size, and freely flowing. Mixed particle sized powders can segregate during manufacturing operations, which can result in tablets with poor drug or active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content uniformity. Content uniformity ensures that the same API dose is delivered with each tablet. In early formulation studies, as a promising compound is characterized for biologic activity, it is also evaluated with regard to chemical and physical properties that have a bearing on its ultimate and successful formulation into a stable and effective pharmaceutical product. This is the area of responsibility of pharmaceutical scientists and formulation pharmacists trained in pharmaceutics. When sufficient information is gleaned on the compounds physical and chemical properties, initial formulation of the dosage form are redeveloped for use in human clinical trials. During the course of the clinical trials, the proposed product is developed further, from initial formulation to final formulation and from pilot plant (or small-scale production) to scale-up, in preparation for large-scale manufacturing. The dose of the drug may be described as an amount that is enough but not too much; the idea is to achieve the drugs optimum therapeutic effect with safety but at the lowest possible dose. The effective dose of a drug may be different for different patients. In a normal distribution sample, a drugs dose will provide what might be called an average effect in most individuals. However, in a portion of the population the drug will produce little effect, and in another portion the drug will produce an effect greater than average. The amount of drug that will produce the desired effect in most adult patients is considered the drugs usual adult dose and the likely starting dose for a patient. From this initial dose the physician may, if necessary, increase or decrease subsequent doses to meet the particular requirements of the patient. Certain drugs may produce more than one effect, depending on the dose. Drug doses vary greatly between drug substances; some drugs have small doses, other drugs have relatively large doses. The dose of the drug is based on its biochemical and pharmacologic activity, its physical and chemical properties, the dosage form used, the route of administration, and various patient factors. The dose of a drug for a particular patient may be determined in part on the basis of the patients age, weight, body surface area, general physical health, liver and kidney function (for drug metabolism and elimination), and the severity of the illness being treated. General dosing information for drug substances is provided in the monographs in the British National Formulary (BNF) as well as in the package inserts that accompany manufacturers pharmaceutical products. Again, these sources provide the prescriber and pharmacists with guidelines of usual dosage and usual dosage range. Optimally, appropriate drug dosage should resulting blood serum drug concentrations that are ab ove the MEC and below the MTC for the period of time that drug effects are desired. For certain drugs, a larger than usual initial dose may be required to achieve the desired blood drug level. (Stoklosa and Ansel, 1996) Active ingredients can be separated into two categories: low-dose and high-dose drugs. It should be technically possible to manufacture almost all drugs of low doses (less than 50 mg) by the direct compression process with a proper choice of excipients and tablet equipment. The term direct compression is defined as the process by which tablets are compressed directly from powder mixture of API and suitable excipients. No pretreatment of the powder blend by wet or dry granulation procedure is required. The problems encountered in direct compression of low-dose drugs centre around uniform distribution of the drug (blending) and possible unblending during the compression stage. Steps of Direct Compression Source: http://inferenceforqbd.com/Solutions/Pharmaceutical%20R+D.aspx Some granular chemicals, like potassium chloride, possess free-flowing and cohesive properties that enable them to be compressed directly in a tablet machine without need of granulation. For chemicals lacking this quality, special pharmaceutical excipients may be used to impart the necessary qualities for production of tablets by direct compression. These excipients include fillers, such as spray-dried lactose, microcrystals of alpha-monohydrate lactose, sucrose-invert sugar-corn starch mixtures, microcrystalline cellulose, crystalline maltose, and dicalcium phosphate; disintegrating agents, such as direct compression starch, sodium carboxymethyl starch, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose fibers, and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone; lubricants, such as magnesium stearate and talc; and glidants, such as fumed silicon dioxide. The capping, splitting, or laminating of tablets is sometimes related to air entrapment during direct compression. When air is trapped, the resulting tablets expand when the pressure of tableting is released, resulting in splits or layers in the tablets. Forced or induced feeders can reduce air entrapment, making the fill powder more dense and amenable to compaction. Capping also may be caused by punches that are not immaculately clean and perfectly smooth or by a granulation with too much fines, or fine powder. Fine powder, which results when a dried granulation is sized, is generally 10 to 20% of the weight of the granulation. Some fine powder is desired to fill the die cavity properly. However, an excess can lead to tablet softness and capping. Tablets that have aged or been stored improperly also may exhibit splitting or other physical deformations. In low dose formulation, advances in pharmaceutical research have resulted in the development of high potency active ingredients, which can be difficult to formulate into capsules or tablets. The use of Starch 1500HYPERLINK http://www.colorcon.com/products/core-excipients/immediate-release/starch-1500 ®HYPERLINK http://www.colorcon.com/products/core-excipients/immediate-release/starch-1500 partially pregelatinized maize starch as an active-premix in low dose formulations can provide consistent drug uniformity, which allows manufacturing by a direct compression process. Since many low dose medications are manufactured by a wet granulation method to assure each tablet contains the proper amount of active, switching to a direct compression process can result in substantial savings in total process time and cost. Comparison of wet granulation and direct compression methods Source: http://www.atacamalabs.com/technology_specialty Spray-dried lactose is the earliest and is still one of the most widely-used direct compression fillers. It is one of the few such excipients available from more than a single supplier. In spite of many early problems, this material revolutionized tableting technology. Coarse and regular grade sieved crystalline fractions of a-lactose monohydrate have very good flow properties but lack compressibility. However spray drying produces an agglomerated product that is more fluid and compressible than regular lactose. In the production of spray-dried lactose, lactose is first placed in an aqueous solution which is treated to remove impurities. Partial crystallization is then allowed to occur before spray-drying the slurry. As a result the final product contains a mixture of large a-monohydrate crystals and spherical aggregates of smaller crystals held together by glass or amorphous material. The fluidity of spray-dried lactose results from the large particle size and intermixing of spheric al aggregates. The compressibility is due to the nature of the aggregates and the percentage of amorphous material present and the resulting plastic flow, which occurs under compaction pressure. The problem of compressibility of spray-dried lactose is still real and troublesome. The compressibility of spray-dried lactose is borderline, and furthermore, it has relatively poor dilution potential. Spray-dried lactose is an effective direct compression filler when it makes up the major portion of the tablet (more than 80%), but it is not effective in diluting high-dose drugs whose crystalline nature is, in and of itself, not compressible. Furthermore, spray-dried lactose does not lend itself to reworking because it loses compressibility upon initial compaction. (Lieberman, Lachman and Schwartz). For the binders, there are many excipients that can be used. these include hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), methylcellulose (MC), povidone (PVP), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), and starches and their derivatives, such as pregelatinized and granulated starches. These polymers differ in their physico-chemical, mechanical and morphological characteristics. For direct compression, studies suggest highly compactable, plastic, fine particle size binders facilitate compression of drugs at relatively low filler-to-drug ratios, therefore representing ideal properties for tablet binders (Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1999;25:1129-35) (Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2001;27:181-924). Tablet manufacturing by direct compression has increased steadily over the years. It offers advantages over the other manufacturing processes for tablets, such as wet granulation and provides high efficiency (Zhang et al., 2003). As direct compression is more economic, reducing the cycle time and straight forward in terms of good manufacturing practice requirements. Amongst the techniques used to prepare tablets, direct compression is the most advanced technology. It involves only blending and compression. Thus offering advantage particularly in terms of speedy production. Because it requires fewer unit operations, less machinery, reduced number of personnel and considerably less processing time along with increased product stability. Drugs characterized by high-dose, high bulk volume, poor compactibility, and poor fluidity (flow properties) do not lend themselves to direct compression. A typical sample would be paracetamol, an analgesic. The API of which is not easily compressed, then it require usually restricted to about 30% of direct compression formula hence tablet will costly and difficult to swallow. While it is possible to densify some drugs or formulations by preprocessing, there is some question as to whether the final tableting process could then be called direct compression. Paracetamol is high dose at 500 mg, is highly elastic and requires tastemasking. The taste-masking system to use is important for the active ingredient. If a finished dosage form has great taste, the consumer may prefer your tablet to another tablet solely based upon taste. If the product has an unpleasant taste, the consumer may discount speed of delivery and prefer better tasting slower tablets. The taste-masked API needs to survive the tabletting operation. It is inherently a poor compressible drug and high dose formulation can show capping and lamination. This can be attributed to the elastic recovery and brittle nature of the drug. Good tablet hardness (17kP), friability (30%) and elimination of capping and lamination were achieved with 7% HPC EXF binder level in the IR granulation and employing a pre-compression force of 3kN in addition to a main compression force of 25kN.(www.aqualon.com). Magnesium stearate dihydrate (MgSt-D) is a more effective lubricant for a high dose product containing 90+% COMPAPà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ L at a high tableting speed. CONCLUSION As shown, there is a big difference in the formulation of low dose and high dose tablet. For the low dose tablet, an example is digoxin which is a cardiotonic, it is manufactured under direct compression since the powder mixture of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is compressed directly with its excipients. Low dose means having a small amount of API, since there is a small amount of it, direct compression is the best possible way because when compounding a tablet, it is unavoidable that there will have some residue or some particles that can be left in the containers or when triturating. For the high dose tablet, an example is paracetamol, direct compression cant be use since high dose API are not easily compressed.

Meta Tags and Meta Keywords :: Internet Technology Essays

Meta Tags and Meta Keywords Meta Tags are thought to be the be all-end all of search engine rankings. This is not true. Meta Tags are a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for high rankings. Meta tags are designed to provide basic information to the search engine about the site. Meta tags appear at the top of the HTML document within the <head></head> section of the document. In the following example, nine different types of Meta Tags are identified: Content-Type, Copyright, Resource-type, ObjectType, Author, Rating, Distribution, Description, and Keywords. The two meta tags of primary interest to search engines are the â€Å"Description† and â€Å"Keywords† tags. These tags describe the contents and key words for the search engine. <HTML> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta http-equiv="Copyright" content="1998, 1999 MotorCities.com, Inc."> <meta name="Resource-type" content="Document"> <meta name="ObjectType" content="Journal"> <meta name="Author" content="Car Pictures .com Webmaster"> <meta name="Rating" content="General"> <meta name="Distribution" content="Global"> <meta name="Description" content="Gallery of car pictures, car videos, car sounds, car photos, car photographs, automobile pictures, automobile videos, automobile sounds, automobile photos, automobile photographs, auto pictures, auto videos, auto sounds, auto photos, auto photographs, pictures of cars."> <meta name="Keywords" content="Gallery of car pictures, car videos, car sounds, car photos, car photographs, automobile pictures, automobile videos, automobile sounds, automobile photos, automobile photographs, auto pictures, auto videos, auto sounds, auto photos, auto photographs, pictures of cars, Porsche pictures, Ferrari pictures, Lamborghini pictures."> <title> Car Pictures .com -- Gallery of pictures (photos or photographs), video, sounds, wallpaper and specifications of all cars, motorcycles and all vehicles. </title> </HEAD> Several excellent sources that detail the use of the Meta Tag are: The Web Developer’s Virtual Library (http://wdvl.com/Authoring/HTML/Head/Meta/ ) Search Engine Watch (http://searchenginewatch.internet.com/webmasters/meta.html) Internet Marketing Chapter 13: Driving Traffic to Your Site: Understanding and Using Search Engines for Search and Site Optimization. Adding Keywords Using the META Tag Maximum -800 characters. Adding keywords simply requires editing the HTML code and adding the meta tags, as in the following example. The top of a web page source code on your site might look like: <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>ACME Corporation Devices Information</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <H1>ACME Corporation Innovative Opening Devices Information</H1> Create a META tag with the following information: <META name="keywords" content="brochure"> TO ADD ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS <META name="keywords" content="brochure, widget, wholesale"> The top of your HTML document would then look like: <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>ACME Corporation Devices Information</TITLE> <META name="keywords" content="brochure, widget, wholesale"> </HEAD> <BODY> <H1>ACME Corporation Innovative Devices Information</H1> QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT META KEYWORDS Q) META keywords tag - should I use UPPERCASE, lowercase or a mixture, commas or spaces? A) Use lowercase, separated by commas, with a space after the comma.

Contribution of the administrative function of the HR department Essay

Introduction: Business organizations are made up of people. These often termed ‘human resources’ and they are the most important resources in the production of goods and services. Managers and the owners of organization need to understand the nature of the labour market in the areas where they operate, and how they work together in groups so that they can achieve maximum output. They also need to understand what motivates employees do that the goals of the organization can be achieved. Many tasks that are undertaken in business are complex and therefore need the combined skills of different people. The human resources functions have been modified into four (4) main sections these are Human Resources planning, Recruitment and selection, Training and Development and performance management. In an organization without these four main departments the company can’t stand as one this is the reason why the have stated above. I will be looking at each department and how effective they are to the Human resource management. Human Resources planning; this is the adding up of the internal and external staffs in an organization, in other to know the number people to employ to the right department and at the right time. The Human resources don’t just decide that they need to employ new staffs. There are some certain factors they consider before they can employ new staffs. These factors includes; the skills and competences they will need the new employees to have, how many people with these capabilities will it be able to recruit, and also the ways of training and developing people to meet these skill requirements. The Human resource planning department has various ways of forecasting the demand for employees in future. The process are as follows; forecasting demands for members and skills of employees, analyzing current employee, and account for internal employees and lastly taking actins e.g. recruiting, transfer etc. The human resources planning are very important in an organization they help the business with its long term planning and objectives setting of the business. Recruitment and selection; the objectives of recruitment is to attract the ‘best candidates’ for a job and then select the most suitable. It is an extremely important process because organization depends upon their human resources to survive and be successful. If the wrong person is recruited, a business can be severely damaged. In large organization the human resources will be in charge of the process. The first stage is to analyse what sort of person is required. The second stage is to decide how the vacancy is to be advertised or announced. Finally, the selection process needs to be planned and conducted in such a way as to ensure that the best candidates are successful this can be done internally and externally. The first stage of recruitment procedure is to carryout a job analysis. This enables the tasks and activities to be carried out by a new employee. The process is more difficult if the post is new, i.e. where no one has experience of the tasks to be performed. In other for the tasks and activities to be performed, a job analysis will specify the skills required and the role and responsibilities to be held. Thereafter a ‘job description’ is produced this contains what the job is; it gives candidates details of what the job entitles. Once the job description has been completed, the next stage is to specify the skills, knowledge and qualification necessary to perform the job. This is therefore known as a ‘person specification’. This is used to form the selection process and is used to ‘short list’ applicants. This specification may include; level of education, length of experience, special skills knowledge or aptitude. Once the job description and person specification has been drawn, the next stage in the process is to decide how a vacancy is to be filled this may be done internally i.e. from within the organization Training and development; this is the process of systematically guiding or teaching employees to do something by subjecting them to various exercises or experiences, so that they improve job-related skills and knowledge. Lack of tanning may lead to a reduction in the possible production level, to errors and waste. Training is key part of working life. It adds to the skills abilities of the labour force and thus increases its supply; it is also a great motivators. This helps to give employees a sense of purpose, also helps to improve performance this also helps to facilitate secondment, transfer or promotion Training for future needs is long-term investment. Performances management; this is a process of monitoring the performance and managing a particular activity going on in a business. This is commonly done for the employees. This helps to know how well employee is managing and performing in their different departments. This process can be done in various ways these includes appraisal scheme, reviews, self-evaluation, peer evaluation. All this helps to know how well each employee is doing. The processes stated above helps to motivates staffs therefore this signifies that if all this process of managing employees are meet there is likely to be improvement in the business. At the end of this portfolio I’ll be giving information about a large business, each specializes in beverages. Shayo Bright HUMAN RESOURCES PLANNING Human resources function The human resources management covers a variety of activities. Some responsibilities covered by the human resources function are policy-making role, welfare role supporting role, bargaining and negotiating role educational and development role and administrative role. The type of work covered by Administrative role; this is concerned with the payment of staff’s wages at Kudirat Enterprises UK (payroll) and implementation of health and safety rules, sex discrimination act . Also at Kudirat Enterprises (UK) this includes human resources record keeping. The administrative role is important to the business because the work performed under this role act as incentive to staffs. This role is important as payment of staffs salary determines the quality of work a staff perform and the labour turnover. Managers use the HR record keeping during promotion to be able to know who is doing well. Welfare role; this role is concerned with looking after people working at Kudirat Enterprises Ltd UK and their need. At Kudirat Enterprises staffs compliance, communication and employees relation are under the welfare role. This role is important to Kudirat Enterprises Ltd UK as it determines the extent of staff motivation. If at Kudirat Enterprises Ltd (UK) their welfare role were poor, then staffs would not feel motivated, as their needs are not satisfied. Lack of motivation also leads to low productivity therefore affecting the business in general. Educational and development role; this role is concerned with the training and development of the workforce at Kudirat Enterprises Ltd (UK) responsibilities covered under this role is recruitment, training and development. This is important because employees are thought modern trends in the business and updated about changes during training. This helps Kudirat Enterprises Ltd (UK) to be more modernized and updated and this enables them to compete effectively among competitors. Supporting role; this role is concerned with helping other functional managers to develop their work. In Kudirat Enterprises Ltd (UK) the HR department does some work of the finance department. E.g. payroll. Also at Kudirat Enterprises Ltd (UK) other functional areas such as production and marketing are supported by the HR department in the training and recruitment of staffs. This is important as cooperation among different functional department bring about the growth of the business. It also enables them perform their jobs effectively. Contribution of the administrative function of the HR department of Kudirat Enterprises Ltd (UK) to the activities of the business. The main contribution of the administrative role to the department of Kudirat Enterprises Ltd (UK) is to maintain an effective workforce. This is done by paying salaries to workforce and giving them adequate and right benefit. This makes staffs feel more valued. Therefore they are motivated and their productivity increases. This therefore helps them perform the activities if the business amore effectively. Kudirat Enterprises Ltd (UK) main activity is production done by producing shoes. Also if the department of Kudirat Enterprises can maintain an effective workforce it means the labour turnover will be lower and the organization will be filled with competent people who have a fair knowledge of the business. In addition the administrative function of the human resource department at Kudirat Enterprises helps to ensure that the organisation is a safe place to work in, thereby eliminating direct or indirect discrimination and victimization. Internal staffing information These are internal factors with the business that enables them to carry out an effective human resource planning. Factor considered at Kudirat Enterprises Ltd (UK). Labour turnover; this is used in Kudirat Enterprises to determine the type of people leaving i.e. experienced or inexperienced people and section of the organisation with a high turnover. Also determine if there is need for a check in the reason for a high turnover. Labour turnover could be calculated in 2 ways: Labour stability rate (this is not the most accurate way of measuring turnover as it does not really give the exact). Wastage rate: this is used at Kudirat Enterprises. It is calculated: Wastage rate = Number of staff leaving in time period X 100 Number of staff leaving in time period Due to the fact that the HR department of Kudirat Enterprises (UK) ltd is young the labour turnover just started last year (but will continue to be done yearly). The labour turnover was recorded as 14%. This means that out of 240 employees 34 left i.e. 1 in 7 employees left the organisation. This is a very high turnover, which means productivity will be reduced. Also after the labour turnover was done at Kudirat Enterprises result showed that 19 out of the 34 employees who left were from production department. An ‘exist interview ‘was conducted in attempt to reduce this high turnover. Through this they found out that people felt the job was strenuous and boring. On the order hand, compared to the industry turnover of 20%, the turnover for Kudirat Enterprises was quite low. Age, skills and training; this information received last year as regard the age of employees working at Kudirat Enterprises Ltd (UK) . Age as to do with the length of services. The above information shows a most of employees at Kudirat Enterprises are aged between 25-50. This is good as it reduces the number of employees leaving as a result of retirement and old age sickness. It also shows that most employees are female staffs thereby increasing the leave vacation e.g. maternity leave and sickness leave (this is because women are prone to sickness than men).this might have a negative effect on Kudirat Enterprises Ltd. The skills and training is important to Kudirat Enterprises as it helps determine skills they need in future and identify the skills the work force posses a minimum of G.C.S.E. certificate and behavioral skills. Other internal staffing information are not used at Kudirat Enterprises Ltd (UK) because department is still young. This internal staffing information not used by Kudirat Enterprises Ltd (UK) is succession, sickness and accident rates. As the department is young statistics such as these as not taken in this regard formally but will soon be done. External Labour Market Information These are external factors that affect human resources planning. This factor includes; Government policies, Employment trends, Skills shortages, Competition from employers, Availability of labour. Not all external factors listed above affects Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd. factors that affect human resource planning at Kudirat Enterprises includes the following: Competition from employees Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd is interested in knowing whether it competitor such as E Map, IPC, Natmags are contracting or expanding. This is because if they are expanding labour wages will be increased and supply will be less. This usually have a negative impact on Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd. On the hand if they are contracting will have a positive effect on Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd as supply of labour increase and it is easier to recruit right sort of staffs. Availability of labour This will depends on such factors as age distribution of the population, attitude of working women and the extent to which young people stay at school. In the publishing industry there is always labour available, as it one of the best industries. Employment trends and Government policies As at April 16 2004, employment continues at record level.28.330 million people in work, in December to February according to the labour force survey -up to 183 thousand in the last 3 month and 318 thousand over the last year -a rate 74.9%. This is up 0.4% on the last quarter. This is gotten from the labour market statistic website. Human resource planning at Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd is relevant to the labour market information as a fair knowledge of it helps in the planning of the human resources Labour market information relates to the HR planning because if these factors are not considered before planning then the plan is irrelevant as it is not updated. This helps Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd in the following ways to plan their Human resources: This therefore has to do with the amount of money to be collected to the areas of human resources. This may be indicated through government policies. Secondly the number of workers to be employees. This indicated through competition from employees and availability of labour. Finally, the types and money to be allocated to training. An evaluation of the use of external labour information to plan human resources Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd is affected by skills shortage because in this industry there are high level of skilled employee shortages a lot of unskilled and semi-skilled labour in the market as the skilled labour has employed. This has affected Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd human resource planning as recruitment is planned mostly to be done internally. Also employment trends have little impact on Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd. This is because recruitment is done internally. Government polices such as incentives given to organizations that employees train people affect Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd HR planning in the sense that it determines the amount of money that want to allocate to recruitment and training The most essential external factor that affects Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd is competition from employers. As Kudirat Company is a small business and therefore more likely to be impacted by action than macro changes in labour market. Popular sector never find difficult to find staff, but getting the BEST people requires engagement with competition. E.g. a competitor recently announced the closure of teen shoe, so they are now actively pursuing their people to join their teen shoe production titles. From the above it is clear that Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd is using their external labour market information effectively to plan their Human resources. Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd is not affected by availability of labour. This is because there is always adequate labour in the market. There is just question of is the labour well skilled or not. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION This is the process whereby an organization selects the appropriate applicant or staffs fill the vacancies in the organization. Different organization use different recruitment documents e.g. application letters, application forms, curricula vitae, bio data, resumes etc. External Document At Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd the following recruitment documents are used: Curricula Vitae This is a brief summary of your career to date and a little about yourself. This is used for initial application. Features of CV: * Name * Date of birth * Address * Telephone * Education and training * Qualification * Achievements * Interest and hobbies * Work experiences * Reference Some organization requires photographs at this stage, but at Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd they are concerned about the equal opportunity implication and discourage this practice. The CV presents Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd adequate information about application but Kudirat Enterprises does not rely on the CV only because: applicants omit negative statement about themselves thereby not presenting their true self, at times the applicant themselves might not prepare the CV, and also most times applicants are almost identical in terms of qualifications. Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd uses this recruitment document because as it present adequate information at this stage of selection and enables them determines if the applicant is capable of performing the work through the work experience and qualification. The purpose of the CV is to determine how capable the applicant is of performing this job and it contains adequate information in this regard. Application letters and biographical data Due to the fact that Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd is a manufacturing house they use letters of applications and bio data. This is used to check how interesting the applications are. This is necessary to Kudirat Enterprises because the need staffs with good fashion and designing skills. Application letters have no basis features but it must contain your: i. Name ii. Address iii. Contribution you can make towards the organization. iv. Skills and knowledge you have acquired. Bio data consist of systematic information about hobbies, interest and life history. It helps HF to reduce staff turnover as candidates are matched with existing staff with similar interest can be found. This recruitment document doesn’t provide enough information enough information as nothing is known about the applicant’s disability or criminal distinguishes them from others. It purposes is to find out how interesting the application is it contains adequate information for this purpose. Application forms These are the best recruitment document as it contains every detail of the applicants but Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd does not use it. This is because the HR of Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd is just a little over 2 year old. An application form would develop later in future. Internal recruitment documents The internal recruitment documents at Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd are not formally developed yet. They are currently developing recruitment standards and the important thing for us is to develop a range of templates and guide lines that will enable managers to manage their own recruitment legally and effectively. Managers must complete an authority to recruit form to get permission to start the recruitment process. This is the only formal paperwork they have at present. Factors to consider in planning filling a vacancy and carrying out interviews Organisation recruit because many reasons. At Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd recruitment is done if there is a dismissal, resignation or retirement and changing job roles within the business. Different factors are considered when planning to a fill vacancy by different organisation. Some of the factors considered at Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd are; whether there will be need for a role (spread work between others, special project)? Can it be filled internally (internally means the employees at Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd), could it be filled via referrals/word of mouth (this is when employees at Kudirat Enterprises recommends people for the job). Can it also be filled via ‘free to use’ channels; advertising (this is mostly used when looking for managers)? Also at Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd following procedures are carried out; Advertisement: When it is discovered that the vacancy can’t be filled internally Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd advertise for the job. Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd advertisement is carried out in Media Guardian, press Gazette mainly and also some website for specific jobs. Advertisement done by Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd contains the following information such as job titles, duties and responsibilities, salary expectation, Address and contact, qualification and experience needed, closing date of qualification. Short listing: After the advertisement has been places different application letters and CVs are dropped at the head office of Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd. After all these has been received i.e. a week after the closing date, the short listing process is carried out at Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd. Short listing is the process of ejecting application letters and CVs that does not meet the set or required standard. Factors considered at Kudirat Enterprises during short would include Qualification; people with higher qualification are selected, as qualification is an ingredient in person specifications. Also this helps prepare you for the job. Experience and competencies; it has a greater advantage as people with higher experience perform their work in the most effective way. Applicants with higher experience have an advantage as they are selected. Competence is the ability of someone to perform a particular job. At Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd competence is measured or checked through what is stated in the application and contribution the applicant can make towards the organization. Hobbies and interest; this is also considered by Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd because it is a production factory. This is mostly considered by them to give them a competitive edge in there designing of shoe. This also considered when recruiting people in the marketing department and journalist. After this process kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd send letter to the list of successful candidates whose name has been short-listed. At Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd for every one job ten people are chose at this stage. The letter inviting them for an interview contains information such as; Venue of the interview, time and date of the interview and letter also indicates that they were successful. Interviews: After the letters have been sent, then the interview process is next. The interview done at Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd is an informal interview (i.e. an oral interview). This is because they believe words of mouth applicants are likely to stay longer. The interview is conducted by a penal of 5 people including a member of the board of governor, HR director and a representative of the department, which has the vacancy. The other 2 people are chosen randomly. The panels assess the following: body language, eye contact, ability to give the right answer to the question asked and fluency in English. This form of interview is not the most suitable as it discriminatory as the panel already knows who they want the minute the applicant walks in. It tales them 2 days at Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd to comply their interview result and decide the applicant they want. The panel does not only takes the decision but also everyone in the HR department and the department in which the vacancy is to be filled. This enables them to select the most competent and outstanding applicant. Recruitment process at Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd At Kudirat Enterprises (UK) Ltd job vacancies are filled internally. This is done through promotion and spread work. Recruitment is done internally because; it helps in innovating employee,

Hardy’s “The Man He Killed” Essay

Because war is a mysterious entity, Thomas Hardy wrote â€Å"The Man He Killed† to emphasize the occasional inadequate reason for conflict, and the range of emotions someone may feel after engaging in conflict that an individual might feel unnecessary, and after taking a persons life simply because he was my â€Å"foe†, especially in the Boers Wars in which the British colonized South Africa, in which this poem is set. Hardy is able to convey the feeling of apprehension and shame however not renouncing his allegiance to the crown by using figurative language, and literary elements such as repetition, symbolism, and wordplay. Throughout the poem the narrator is speaking of war, although there is a lack of chaos and violence. He refers to war as â€Å"quaint and curious†(line 17). That changes the idea of war for the reader, and lures the reader to feel a lack of necessity for the battle, which is what the narrator feels. â€Å"And staring face to face, I shot him as he at me, and killed him in his place.† (lines 6-8) There is a recognizable absence of emotion here, as one might feel traumatized or regretful after taking a life, and we know war is not â€Å"quaint and curious† (line 17). War is meant to be bloody, and chaotic, which in most literature, it is. In â€Å"The Man He Killed† the altercation seems more like an execution or murder than a battle, causing the reader to question whether it was justified or not. Furthermore, repetition is used throughout the poem also and causes the reader to doubt the mans true feelings about war, and what he had done, â€Å"I shot him dead because – Because he was my foe, just so: my foe of course he was; That’s clear enough; although† (lines 9-12). The author chose to repeat the words because, and foe to let the reader know that he had to assure his own self of why he had just killed a man. â€Å"Because – Because he was my foe† (lines 9-10), the dash between the repeated because represents a pause, airing doubt on why exactly he killed the man. He also states â€Å"that’s clear enough† (12) which is ironic because it simply isn’t true. He doesn’t understand why he shot the man; he is wondering why he just took his life beyond him being his foe. It can also be argued that in the narrators  series of events, these men are interchangeable, â€Å"He though he’d list perhaps, / Off-hand- like—just as I— / Was out of work—had sold his traps— / No other reason why.† (lines 13-16) It seems as though, out of desperation and lack of monetary funds to support themselves, they both enlisted in order to survive and to support their families. The author gives few details about himself, or the man he killed, but the reader can derive from what he does say that these men are very similar, even though they are enemies, which is just what their countries told them, in reality, and in Gods eyes, they are just two men on Planet Earth. Hardy uses several literary elements to convey his ideas. He constructs the poem to emphasize the points he is trying to make. The uses of dashes are the driving force of feeling for the reader, and expose the insecurities the narrator has about what is happening. It is first recognized when in the ninth line while repeating the word because, it seems as if he is hesitating, unsure of what to say, or if he even believes in what he is saying. Furthermore in the following stanza, he uses several dashes to interrupt himself while he creates a scenario for the man he had just taken life away from â€Å"Off-hand-like—just as I—â€Å"(14). Again, emphasizing the similarity between the me n. This happens over in the next line, which brings a sense of realism to the story. The narrator is speaking to the reader, trying to justify what had happened, he doesn’t know these things about the man he had just killed, but he may be feeling guilt about what he had just done. â€Å"Was out of work—had sold his traps— / no other reason why† (lines 15-16). He may be hunting for the purpose as to why he shot the man but cannot find a reason. In the final stanza, the narrator adopts his emotionless, lack of sensitivity character and states how â€Å"quaint and curious war is!†(line 17). and it seems as though he has moved on from the fiasco, but not without some deep thought about they mans life he had taken away. The poem begins and ends in a bar, where friendships are made or sometimes broken. Unfortunately, this friendship was broken before it had a chance to begin, and the narrator is forced to only imagine if they had â€Å"wet right many a nipp erkin† (line 4) which is to share a drink together. Hardy in â€Å"The Man He Killed† does a wonderful job exposing the insecurities of the man, without even stating them by using figurative language and literary elements. The repetition deduces hesitation, while other elements such as wordplay, and the use of dashes represents deep thought, and possibly regret  lets the reader infer how the man is really feeling which is different from the words on the page. Taking a life whether in war, by accident, or on purpose is bound to have effects on you for the rest of your life. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and other factors can change how someone acts and feels, especially after war. The narrator is having a hard to coming to reality, and continually attempts to justify his actions. He infers a question of why he must kill this man, or if in another situation they could sit down at a bar together and have a good time. This thought obviously troubles the man. Hardy, Thomas. â€Å"The Man He Killed.† Perrine’s Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry. By Greg Johnson, Thomas R. Arp, and Laurence Perrine. Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2013. 683. Print.

Spell Checker and Grammar Essay

Spell Checker and Grammar Essay Spell Checker and Grammar Essay This tool enables you to correct the most cumbersome mistakes, with a high degree of accuracy and speed, and to improve your written English. When several corrections are possible, you are prompted to choose one of them. There are cases when mistakes are skipped in order to limit the display of warnings or when the suggested corrections are not perfectly adapted to the context. Therefore, we advise you not to rely exclusively on the results delivered by our tool and to review the text yourself after the correction. To improve your English spelling, you can also consult our online grammar module and our conjugator. Do not hesitate to send us your feedback on the results of the spelling and grammar check. This way, you will enable us to improve our service. Contact us if you want to implement a spell-checking tool adapted to your company (for French, English or other languages). If you are looking for a PC product, we recommend Ginger. The concept of an automatic and interactive online spell-checker was created and developed by Reverso-Softissimo in addition to the online translation service. It makes use of the best technologies developed by Ginger Software with an interface, settings and complementary processings specifically devised by Reverso-Softissimo for the Reverso website and the Reverso Intranet products. We offer you several tools that will help you better understand and complete the corrections made to your texts. To use them, simply select a word or group of words from your text and launch the search in the dictionary, the conjugator, or our interactive grammar.Introduction Like the majority of people, you probably learned the basic rules of grammar in school. And like the majority of people you’ve probably forgotten much of what you learned. Where does the comma go, for instance? Is ending your sentences with a preposition really that bad a practice? Are there hard and fast rules for when to use who, that or which? All of these questions, as well as many more, can plague both amateur and professional writers. Our online spelling and grammar checker assists you answering these questions and (hopefully) helps you to gain more confidence in your writing simultaneously. Who Uses a Grammar Checker Student writings, of course, sometimes need the most proofreading. Teachers and instructors often expect student papers to be error-free, so it’s second nature to some of them to do spelling and grammar checks on all their papers. But many others get good use out of these tools: secretaries, job seekers, blog and

Migration flows are increasingly differentiated. The WritePass Journal

Migration flows are increasingly differentiated. Introduction Migration flows are increasingly differentiated. , p. 1). It is arguable whether this is easily attainable given that â€Å"international migration is incredibly diverse, fluid and fast changing† (Boswell and Geddes, 2010, p. 3). Various laws and regulations have been enacted, which are primarily intended to govern entry into and exit from the territories of states, yet some are more restrictive than others (Guild and Minderhoud, 2011, p. 166). The fact that states have the ability to refuse entry to persons from different jurisdictions is said to allow states to maintain their sovereignty. This was recognised by Adelman (1998, p. 19) when it was pointed out that: â€Å"even if a state has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of refugee claimants, they must preserve international order which is in everyone’s self interests.† Yet, it is important that those fleeing from persecution are provided with adequate protection from the State in which they enter. Therefore, although states generally have the ability to control migration flows, they may also have to adhere to their international obligations (Human Rights Education Association, 2011, p. 2). This often produces problems since it is not always easy to establish whether a person has fled from persecution or left voluntarily. These uncertainties produce much difficulty and although states must protect the human rights of migrants (The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), it is evident that the protection of migrants is currently inadequate (Amnesty International, 2009, p. 1). Asylum Flows Migrants are not receiving the support they need from states and national laws and procedures currently act as a barrier to the rights of migrants. This is largely due to the different migration flows that exist and the inability to address mixed migration flows effectively (Betts and Loescher, 2010, p. 320). The treatment of those claiming asylum in the UK provides a clear example of the difficulties that arise when it comes to analysing and regulating global migration. Thus, refugees often use the same routes and means of transportation when entering states as other migrants and because of this, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between them (Gibney, 2004, p. 12). As a result, â€Å"refugee was a term increasingly associated with dishonesty in the notion of ‘bogus’ asylum seekers† (Ryan and Webster, 2008, p. 3). This has an overall impact upon the proper regulation of migration, which is evident in the UK where asylum seekers are required to attain citize nship. Hence, a British Territories Overseas Citizenship or British Overseas Citizenship must be established, yet as contended by Bussutil (1990, p. 286): â€Å"claims cannot be decided with any ease, and great difficulties may be experienced.† This occurs in relation to the ‘qualifying period’ of five years and the additional ‘probationary citizenship’ period that is required prior to qualification for naturalisation. Although this accurately reflects the contemporary relationship between those people subjected to legal regulation and the state, it is questionable whether this relationship is appropriate in modern day society where states are callable of realising their international obligations. Global Migration and Regulation It is extremely difficult to ensure the proper regulation of global migration, yet â€Å"the Government started to respond to the increase in asylum applications in the 1980’s† (Sales, 2007, p. 1953). Nation States have since made great attempts to regulation immigration to their countries through â€Å"imposition of employer sanctions, phasing in and out of temporary foreign worker admission policies, legislations, measures against human trafficking, and measures concerning refugees and asylum seekers† (Castles and Miller, 2009, p. 205). The Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2009 seeks to ensure that the UK is fully implementing its international obligations, but given that the five year requirement can be waived by the Secretary of State is required, it is evident that each case can be decided on its own facts. Regardless, constraints and limits are still being placed upon liberal government in relation to those claiming asylum in the UK and as noted by A delman (1998, p. 19): â€Å"even if a state has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of refugee claimants, they must preserve international order which is in everyone’s self interests.† He also added that: â€Å"a liberal state does not, however, have absolute sovereign authority, not only with respect to its own members, particularly in areas such as providing aid to refugees, but also with respect to stateless individuals or individuals who come from states which have failed to provide protection.† Arguably, it is evident that although the UK is capable of regulating domestic obligations in respect of asylum seekers, international order must still be preserved. It is questionable whether such international obligations are currently being preserved given that asylum seekers are restricted by domestic legislation. It is argued by Ellermann (2009, p. 2) that: â€Å"illegal immigrants often succeeded in preventing the state from exercising its sovere ign powers† since those who have no claims against the state are most likely to be able to frustrate state control. Arguably, state sovereignty is often undermined by international obligations as states are required to allow immigrants to cross their borders if it is considered to be in their interests. Balance? The new Points Based System (PBS) in the UK was introduced in order to regulate and control the existing mixed migration flows. Previously, citizens could apply for Indefinite Leave to Remain in the UK after spending five years living there, yet it is now a requirement under the Act that five years residence will only lead to â€Å"probationary citizenship† which would be capable of leading to full citizenship once a number of â€Å"points† have been earned. This new system is beneficial for the economy as it prevents migrants from becoming dependent on the State and enables a distinction to be made between the different types of migrants. As Woolas (2010, p. 1) believes: â€Å"Migration only works if it brings benefits and these measures will ensure that only those migrants that make a positive impact on their local community will be able to stay in the UK.† The Act will consequently prevent those migrants who are not beneficial to the UK’s economy from a cquiring citizenship since â€Å"unlimited migration places unacceptable pressure on public services, school places, and the provision of housing, causing problems for certain local communities† (Home Office: 2010). Too much restriction should not be placed upon the flow of migrants, however since â€Å"migrant workers in recent years have provided a significant boost to UK economic growth† (Balakrishnan, 2006, p. 2). Essentially, it is thereby important that a balance is struck between giving migrant workers the ability to acquire citizenship and preventing those that seek to rely on the State from being admitted unless they are genuinely fleeing from persecution. In Omojudi v United Kingdom Application No. 1820/08, 24 November, 2009 it was held by the court that a violation of the rights of immigrants under international law can only be justified if the aims being pursued are proportionate in view of the breach that has occurred. A justification will, as put by Stone (2010; p. 352); â€Å"require that the differential treatment has a legitimate aim and that there is a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim pursued.†   Therefore, unless a State has a legitimate aim for refusing migrants citizenship, then this will not be justified. This certainly allows greater fairness to be ensued. In Cabales and Balkandali v United Kingdom (1985) 7 EHRR 471 it was held that a refusal would need â€Å"very weighty reasons† before a violation of any rights under the European Convention of Human Rights 1951 could be justified. Difficulties still exist in relation to border control, nonetheless, and it seems as though greater emphasis needs to be placed upon â€Å"exit checks and proper border controls† (Huhne: 2010, p. 2). The UK is the most vulnerable State that attracts migrants and because of this, it is even more important that the flow of mixed migrants is being controlled and managed effectively. It was stated by Shah (2002, p. 315) that: â€Å"the complexity of immigration control has therefore to keep pace with a highly mobile world where global communications at all levels and in all forms are easily exploited by criminal gangs and desperate individuals.† Conclusion Overall, it is often very difficult for states to properly regulate and manage migration flows because of the fact that they are increasingly differentiated. This is widely due to the problems that are caused by trying to distinguish between the different types of migrants. In addition, even when a distinction can be made, domestic legislation often conflicts with international obligations. As such, states are required to preserve international order in cases of confliction which often prevents them from implementing proper regulatory practices. In order to manage migration flows effectively, it is necessary for all states to co-operate and establish a common approach to migration management. This will ensure that that the rights of migrants are being protected, whilst also preserving national security. Hence, because of the problems that are caused by the lack of certainty surrounding refugee’s and asylum seekers, it is necessary for clearer guidance to be provided, which wil l enable a distinction to be made between the different types of migrants. This is necessary in certifying on the one hand that the rights of migrants are protected, and on the other than an overflow of migrants does not occur. References Adelman, H. (1998) Refuge or Asylum A Philosophical Perspective, Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 1, Number 1. Amnesty International., (2009) World Refugee Day: Lives in Danger as Governments Deny Refugees Protection in Europe, amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/world-refugee-day-lives-danger-governments-deny-refugees-protection-euro [Accessed 14 October 2013]. Balakrishnan, A., (2006). Immigrants Help the Economy Grow by 3%. The Guardian, guardian.co.uk/business/2006/oct/27/politics.thinktanks [Accessed 13 October 2013]. Betts, A., and Loescher., (2011) Refugees in International Relations, Oxford University Press. Boswell, C., and Geddes, A., (2010) Migration and Mobility in the European Union, Palgrave Macmillan, 1st Edition. Busuttil, A. (1990) Immigration Problems and DNA Profiling, Journal of the Law Society of Scotland, (1990) 35 JLSS 286. Castles, S., and Miller, M. J., (2009) The Age of Migration, Fourth Edition: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Compas., (2013) Flows and Dynamics, compas.ox.ac.uk/research/dynamics/ [Accessed 23 November, 2013]. Ellermann, A. (2009) Undocumented Migrants and Resistance in the State of Exception, University of British Columbia, Available unc.edu/euce/eusa2009/papers/ellermann_02G.pdf [Accessed 13 October 2013]. Gibney, M. J., (2004) The Ethics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees, Cambridge University Press.    Guild, E., and P., Minderhoud, (2011) The First Decade of EU Migration and Asylum Law, Martinus Nijhoff. Huhne, C., (2009). Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009. Scottish Human Rights Law Group, shrlg.org.uk/2009/07/30/borders-citizenship-and-immigration-act-2009/ [Accessed 15 October 2013]. Human Rights Education Association, Refugees and Displaced Persons, (1996-2011), hrea.org/index.php?doc_id=418 [Accessed 15 October 2013]. Ryan, L., and Webster, W., (2008) Gendering Migration: Masculinity, Femininity and Ethnicity in Post-War Britain, Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Sales, R., (2007) Understanding Immigration and Refugee Policy: Contradictions and Continuities, Policy Press, Political Science. Stone, R., (2010) Textbook on Civil Liberties, 8th edition, OUP Oxford. Woolas, P., (2010). Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009. The Guardian, guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/feb/13/civil-liberties-immigration [Accessed 13 October 2013]. Migration flows are increasingly differentiated. Introduction Migration flows are increasingly differentiated. , p. 1). It is arguable whether this is easily attainable given that â€Å"international migration is incredibly diverse, fluid and fast changing† (Boswell and Geddes, 2010, p. 3). Various laws and regulations have been enacted, which are primarily intended to govern entry into and exit from the territories of states, yet some are more restrictive than others (Guild and Minderhoud, 2011, p. 166). The fact that states have the ability to refuse entry to persons from different jurisdictions is said to allow states to maintain their sovereignty. This was recognised by Adelman (1998, p. 19) when it was pointed out that: â€Å"even if a state has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of refugee claimants, they must preserve international order which is in everyone’s self interests.† Yet, it is important that those fleeing from persecution are provided with adequate protection from the State in which they enter. Therefore, although states generally have the ability to control migration flows, they may also have to adhere to their international obligations (Human Rights Education Association, 2011, p. 2). This often produces problems since it is not always easy to establish whether a person has fled from persecution or left voluntarily. These uncertainties produce much difficulty and although states must protect the human rights of migrants (The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), it is evident that the protection of migrants is currently inadequate (Amnesty International, 2009, p. 1). Asylum Flows Migrants are not receiving the support they need from states and national laws and procedures currently act as a barrier to the rights of migrants. This is largely due to the different migration flows that exist and the inability to address mixed migration flows effectively (Betts and Loescher, 2010, p. 320). The treatment of those claiming asylum in the UK provides a clear example of the difficulties that arise when it comes to analysing and regulating global migration. Thus, refugees often use the same routes and means of transportation when entering states as other migrants and because of this, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between them (Gibney, 2004, p. 12). As a result, â€Å"refugee was a term increasingly associated with dishonesty in the notion of ‘bogus’ asylum seekers† (Ryan and Webster, 2008, p. 3). This has an overall impact upon the proper regulation of migration, which is evident in the UK where asylum seekers are required to attain citize nship. Hence, a British Territories Overseas Citizenship or British Overseas Citizenship must be established, yet as contended by Bussutil (1990, p. 286): â€Å"claims cannot be decided with any ease, and great difficulties may be experienced.† This occurs in relation to the ‘qualifying period’ of five years and the additional ‘probationary citizenship’ period that is required prior to qualification for naturalisation. Although this accurately reflects the contemporary relationship between those people subjected to legal regulation and the state, it is questionable whether this relationship is appropriate in modern day society where states are callable of realising their international obligations. Global Migration and Regulation It is extremely difficult to ensure the proper regulation of global migration, yet â€Å"the Government started to respond to the increase in asylum applications in the 1980’s† (Sales, 2007, p. 1953). Nation States have since made great attempts to regulation immigration to their countries through â€Å"imposition of employer sanctions, phasing in and out of temporary foreign worker admission policies, legislations, measures against human trafficking, and measures concerning refugees and asylum seekers† (Castles and Miller, 2009, p. 205). The Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2009 seeks to ensure that the UK is fully implementing its international obligations, but given that the five year requirement can be waived by the Secretary of State is required, it is evident that each case can be decided on its own facts. Regardless, constraints and limits are still being placed upon liberal government in relation to those claiming asylum in the UK and as noted by A delman (1998, p. 19): â€Å"even if a state has absolute sovereign authority to control the entry of refugee claimants, they must preserve international order which is in everyone’s self interests.† He also added that: â€Å"a liberal state does not, however, have absolute sovereign authority, not only with respect to its own members, particularly in areas such as providing aid to refugees, but also with respect to stateless individuals or individuals who come from states which have failed to provide protection.† Arguably, it is evident that although the UK is capable of regulating domestic obligations in respect of asylum seekers, international order must still be preserved. It is questionable whether such international obligations are currently being preserved given that asylum seekers are restricted by domestic legislation. It is argued by Ellermann (2009, p. 2) that: â€Å"illegal immigrants often succeeded in preventing the state from exercising its sovere ign powers† since those who have no claims against the state are most likely to be able to frustrate state control. Arguably, state sovereignty is often undermined by international obligations as states are required to allow immigrants to cross their borders if it is considered to be in their interests. Balance? The new Points Based System (PBS) in the UK was introduced in order to regulate and control the existing mixed migration flows. Previously, citizens could apply for Indefinite Leave to Remain in the UK after spending five years living there, yet it is now a requirement under the Act that five years residence will only lead to â€Å"probationary citizenship† which would be capable of leading to full citizenship once a number of â€Å"points† have been earned. This new system is beneficial for the economy as it prevents migrants from becoming dependent on the State and enables a distinction to be made between the different types of migrants. As Woolas (2010, p. 1) believes: â€Å"Migration only works if it brings benefits and these measures will ensure that only those migrants that make a positive impact on their local community will be able to stay in the UK.† The Act will consequently prevent those migrants who are not beneficial to the UK’s economy from a cquiring citizenship since â€Å"unlimited migration places unacceptable pressure on public services, school places, and the provision of housing, causing problems for certain local communities† (Home Office: 2010). Too much restriction should not be placed upon the flow of migrants, however since â€Å"migrant workers in recent years have provided a significant boost to UK economic growth† (Balakrishnan, 2006, p. 2). Essentially, it is thereby important that a balance is struck between giving migrant workers the ability to acquire citizenship and preventing those that seek to rely on the State from being admitted unless they are genuinely fleeing from persecution. In Omojudi v United Kingdom Application No. 1820/08, 24 November, 2009 it was held by the court that a violation of the rights of immigrants under international law can only be justified if the aims being pursued are proportionate in view of the breach that has occurred. A justification will, as put by Stone (2010; p. 352); â€Å"require that the differential treatment has a legitimate aim and that there is a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim pursued.†   Therefore, unless a State has a legitimate aim for refusing migrants citizenship, then this will not be justified. This certainly allows greater fairness to be ensued. In Cabales and Balkandali v United Kingdom (1985) 7 EHRR 471 it was held that a refusal would need â€Å"very weighty reasons† before a violation of any rights under the European Convention of Human Rights 1951 could be justified. Difficulties still exist in relation to border control, nonetheless, and it seems as though greater emphasis needs to be placed upon â€Å"exit checks and proper border controls† (Huhne: 2010, p. 2). The UK is the most vulnerable State that attracts migrants and because of this, it is even more important that the flow of mixed migrants is being controlled and managed effectively. It was stated by Shah (2002, p. 315) that: â€Å"the complexity of immigration control has therefore to keep pace with a highly mobile world where global communications at all levels and in all forms are easily exploited by criminal gangs and desperate individuals.† Conclusion Overall, it is often very difficult for states to properly regulate and manage migration flows because of the fact that they are increasingly differentiated. This is widely due to the problems that are caused by trying to distinguish between the different types of migrants. In addition, even when a distinction can be made, domestic legislation often conflicts with international obligations. As such, states are required to preserve international order in cases of confliction which often prevents them from implementing proper regulatory practices. In order to manage migration flows effectively, it is necessary for all states to co-operate and establish a common approach to migration management. This will ensure that that the rights of migrants are being protected, whilst also preserving national security. Hence, because of the problems that are caused by the lack of certainty surrounding refugee’s and asylum seekers, it is necessary for clearer guidance to be provided, which wil l enable a distinction to be made between the different types of migrants. This is necessary in certifying on the one hand that the rights of migrants are protected, and on the other than an overflow of migrants does not occur. References Adelman, H. (1998) Refuge or Asylum A Philosophical Perspective, Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 1, Number 1. Amnesty International., (2009) World Refugee Day: Lives in Danger as Governments Deny Refugees Protection in Europe, amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/world-refugee-day-lives-danger-governments-deny-refugees-protection-euro [Accessed 14 October 2013]. Balakrishnan, A., (2006). Immigrants Help the Economy Grow by 3%. The Guardian, guardian.co.uk/business/2006/oct/27/politics.thinktanks [Accessed 13 October 2013]. Betts, A., and Loescher., (2011) Refugees in International Relations, Oxford University Press. Boswell, C., and Geddes, A., (2010) Migration and Mobility in the European Union, Palgrave Macmillan, 1st Edition. Busuttil, A. (1990) Immigration Problems and DNA Profiling, Journal of the Law Society of Scotland, (1990) 35 JLSS 286. Castles, S., and Miller, M. J., (2009) The Age of Migration, Fourth Edition: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Compas., (2013) Flows and Dynamics, compas.ox.ac.uk/research/dynamics/ [Accessed 23 November, 2013]. Ellermann, A. (2009) Undocumented Migrants and Resistance in the State of Exception, University of British Columbia, Available unc.edu/euce/eusa2009/papers/ellermann_02G.pdf [Accessed 13 October 2013]. Gibney, M. J., (2004) The Ethics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees, Cambridge University Press.    Guild, E., and P., Minderhoud, (2011) The First Decade of EU Migration and Asylum Law, Martinus Nijhoff. Huhne, C., (2009). Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009. Scottish Human Rights Law Group, shrlg.org.uk/2009/07/30/borders-citizenship-and-immigration-act-2009/ [Accessed 15 October 2013]. Human Rights Education Association, Refugees and Displaced Persons, (1996-2011), hrea.org/index.php?doc_id=418 [Accessed 15 October 2013]. Ryan, L., and Webster, W., (2008) Gendering Migration: Masculinity, Femininity and Ethnicity in Post-War Britain, Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Sales, R., (2007) Understanding Immigration and Refugee Policy: Contradictions and Continuities, Policy Press, Political Science. Stone, R., (2010) Textbook on Civil Liberties, 8th edition, OUP Oxford. Woolas, P., (2010). Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009. The Guardian, guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/feb/13/civil-liberties-immigration [Accessed 13 October 2013].

How to Set a (Realistic) Target SAT Score

When you’re preparing to take the SAT for the first—or maybe second or third—time, it can be difficult to know where to start. Before you even start studying, it’s important to set a goal for your SAT scores—while staying realistic, of course. Not sure where to begin? Here’s your guide to setting a (realistic) target SAT score. While you want to aim as high as possible, it’s important to keep yourself in check . Understand where you’re starting in order to figure out how much you can improve. Take a formative assessment to gauge your starting point. This type of practice test will give you a read on what skills you have now and which ones you still need to learn and practice. Learn more about the importance of this test in What Is a Formative Assessment and Why Should I Use One to Study? . Remember that your initial score is likely to go up as you study and prepare for the SAT. Use the formative assessment to consider which studying strategies are best for you. For instance, if you’re strong in reading but weaker in geometry problems and formulas, you may want to implement a â€Å"formula of the day† to memorize. First and foremost, you should be looking for colleges that are the right fit —not just in terms of rankings, prestige, and difficulty of admission, but those that align with your values and interests. While you’re reviewing colleges , make note of the average test scores at the schools that interest you. You can usually find the middle 50% SAT score range, meaning the range from the 25th percentile and to the 75th percentile of the most recent freshman class. You should aim to fall at least in the middle of this range. If you’re closer to the 25th percentile, it’s not a deal breaker, but it does make the school more of a reach. Our students see an average increase of 250 points on their SAT scores. Many scholarships base awards on SAT scores among other factors. Identify these scholarships early on, so you know what you need to do and what scores you need to earn to achieve them. Winning these scholarships can help you with college costs. Learn more in How Your SAT Scores Can Help You Earn Scholarships and Getting a Head Start on Your Scholarship Search . Use your PSAT score as a starting point, as well as previous SAT scores. While you will improve with studying, as well as simply learning more information in school, your PSAT can give you a rough starting pointing. Learn more about interpreting your PSAT scores in What Does My PSAT Score Mean? . Use information such as practice tests, your PSAT, and the average scores of the colleges on your list to set a realistic target score for the SAT. You should also factor in and consider how much time you’ll have for prepping and studying. Make a plan and stick to it. Then you can start working on achieving your goals. For more advice on preparing for the SAT, read: Looking for some more help for acing the SAT? The SAT Tutoring Program will help you achieve top scores on your test. We’ll pair you with two private tutors, one for English and writing, and one for math and science. All of our tutors have scored in the 99th percentile on the section they are teaching and are chosen based on teaching skills and ability to relate to their students. How to Write the University of Pittsburgh Essays 2018-2019 The University of Pittsburgh (colloquially known as Pitt) is a large research university established in 1787. Located in the industrial city of Pittsburgh, Pitt is home to 17 schools and over 19,000 undergraduate students. With an acceptance rate of 60%, Pitt was ranked 26th out of all public universities in the United States by U.S. News & World Report in 2018. The university has a thriving academic community, over 350 student clubs and organizations, and is known for its positive campus atmosphere; in 2010, it was rated as having one of the top 10 happiest student bodies in the country. The University of Pittsburgh strongly encourages applicants to write three short essays, granting potential students a great opportunity to showcase multiple facets of their personality, experiences, and interests. Read on for tips to help you master these essays and boost your chances of acceptance into one of the happiest and highest-ranking public schools in the country! This prompt provides you the space to demonstrate your   passions ,   initiative , and   desire to help others . Whether the impact you have made is large or small, the essay should show how you possess each of these qualities. Some good example topics for this essay: While the first example is on a â€Å"macro† scale, the second, more â€Å"micro† example can be equally as powerful if told well. If you decide to go with a smaller-scale impact, make sure it is written as a   story ; use descriptive details that really make the reader feel as though they were also there. While you should be descriptive and   show instead of tell   no matter what you are writing about (see guide to the prompt below for more details on showing vs. telling), it is especially important when writing about an experience that could seem trivial if it is not well-described. Be sure to also illustrate the impact; for instance, for the second example above, the writer could incorporate dialogue between herself and the student when he expresses his gratitude for her reaching out to him. Submit your essay and we’ll get back to you with helpful edits. As briefly discussed in our guide   How to Write the Common Application Essays 2018-2019 , the best response to this question should demonstrate how the intersection of your personality, interests, skills, and analytical-thinking abilities creates a distinctive combination — one that would allow you to contribute in an idiosyncratic way to the college to which you are applying. Taking it one step farther, UPitt is also looking for your ability to reflect. What evidence do you have of your uniqueness? What experiences can you point to that showcase your individuality? You will likely be doing some storytelling here, so it’s extremely important to   show and not tell. Here’s an example of the difference between the two: Note that the â€Å"showing† example also   avoids using any overused adages or clichà ©s , as such sayings can diminish the strength of the experience or emotion you are trying to convey. For example, when explaining the difficulties that come with growing up, writing â€Å"the inevitable blemishes of adolescence† is more distinct and illustrative than saying something like â€Å"the rollercoaster that is high school.† For some of you, this essay will be easy to start – maybe you’ve got an odd family tradition, an uncommon identity, a niche hobby, or even a peculiar birthmark that you could write about. In that case, be sure to point to specific experiences; you could focus on just one moment and tell the story with rich detail, or skillfully connect a few experiences together into one cohesive narrative. The key is to demonstrate your uniqueness through real-life examples and show how this uniqueness will translate into helping you excel at UPitt. But what if you don’t have some extraordinarily special aspect of life to point to? Don’t worry – most of the world doesn’t. The key is to remember that you are still unique! Your specific life experiences, background, personality, interests, and a million other things form a special combination that really cannot be found in anyone else. Try writing out all of your interests, skills, and passions, and then lift out a few from the list. Next, think about how these things come together and make you special. Are there any experiences that show how you, having your distinctive mixture of these separate identities or interests or abilities, were able to meet a challenge, relate to a stranger, help a peer, or learn something new about yourself? Really dig deeply into what you believe is truly unique about you, weave a story that features an experience or two demonstrating that uniqueness, and then show how this will help you contribute something distinctive to UPitt that nobody else can. With this prompt, UPitt wants to see your creativity and problem-solving skills. In other words, you should show the admissions office how you think . The key is to think small when answering this question: what’s a problem you see, and how would you fix it? We suggest you stay away from big national or global issues like â€Å"zero hunger† or â€Å"world poverty.† However, you may be able to concentrate on smaller, more specific issues within these broad zones, and most likely, the problem you’re interested in solving will be somehow related to family or interests or specific life experiences. (Bonus points if you can combine multiple areas of specialty together, drawing on your skills and experiences from two or more different academic or extracurricular areas!) The key takeaway here is that this prompt does not require a well-tested research project that’s been presented at multiple conferences — just pick any problem you see in your daily life and come up with a creative solution for it! As a word of caution, the only constraint is the word limit. While you have 750 words, the UPitt admissions office likely prefers the 200 to 300 range that they’ve suggested. In your answer, you should aim to have a brief background of what inspired your idea, an explanation of your idea, and the potential impact you’d like to see it cause. If you present something that requires a great deal of highly technical explanations, try your best to simplify it down so that any person walking down the street can understand your proposal. And worse comes to worst, pick something else! Remember: your actual product, process, business, or organization doesn’t matter so much as your inspiration and process – the story of your creativity, problem-solving, and compassion. Want help on your Pitt application or essays? Learn about our   College Apps Program. Want us to quickly edit your college essay? Submit it to our   Rapid Review program , and we’ll get it back to you quickly with comments from our expert team.

External Recruiting Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

External Recruiting - Article Example The ideal UPS of these people is that they must love talking and must be good talkers whether in one-on-one situation or giving a public talk. It is the recruiter who provides first impression of the firm to potential employees and therefore, he should be able to communicate the job in a desirable manner. He should be seen as someone who is not exaggerating and is telling the features of the job based on his experiences in the situation. Therefore, firms should guide their recruiters through in-house training regiment where they should acquaint their recruiters with the firm's goals, core values and recruiting strategies. Recruiters should also be taught follow-up skills which will be helpful in answering the questions asked by prospective employees. Once all of this is done, recruiters should be confident enough to increase the quantity of quality people in the firm. In the end, the author says that it is imperative that recruiters should go through these processes to meet the organ ization's future staffing needs. This article gives us insight on how the modern firms look at the process of recruiting and the selecting the right recruiter. A recruiter is not someone who has to just fill forms and interview possible candidates.

Ethical issues business financial reporting Essay

Ethical issues business financial reporting - Essay Example In this type of manipulation when preparers of financial reports become aware of a proposal for alteration of accounting regulation which they consider will be unfavorable for them, they resort to various means to stop the change or bring a change which will serve their purpose. The intention of the regulators is to make financial reports useful to all users. The financial teams are intermediaries between the users and regulators. They have the freedom to interpret the regulation. At times they interpret the regulations in a manner that may suit their own views. This cannot be considered justifiable to the users. Clear and well designed financial reports shows that the preparers of the reports have abided by the law and followed the regulations. Often the accounting regulations are poorly formulated or not enforced properly. These loopholes lead to manipulations (Gowthorpe & Amat, n.d.). At times entries in accounts have certain degree of estimation or prediction, the estimate might be too optimistic leading to errors. Even if an outside expert is consulted the valuation can be manipulated through the manner in which he has been briefed by the accountant or his personal nature (i.e., optimistic or pessimistic). Balance sheet may be manipulated by entering artificial transactions. This is done by entering into other related transaction with a third party. For example, an asset is sold to a bank and then leased back for the rest of the life. The sale price in this arrangement is set at a price above or below the current asset value. The difference is adjusted by increased or reduced rentals. Genuine transactions are also timed to provide a favorable impression. The scope for choosing between various accounting methods should be reduced. There should be consistency in the method that the company is adopting with the intention that he may not switch over to another accounting method in another year to suit his purpose. Companies

Management and Organisational Behaviour Coursework

Management and Organisational Behaviour - Coursework Example Last but not the least, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my family and friends who’ve willingly supported me throughout this report work. Management Approach towards an Open Organizational System by †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦student name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.date†¦. ABSTRACT This report highlights the impact of external factors on organizational behaviour and management of the organization. It includes the Open System Model, political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal analysis of TESCO PLC. It also explains the division of work in an organizational structure. It critically evaluates the work diversification model which is being exercised by TESCO PLC and its subsequent effects. It thoroughly examines the multi cultural factors that are impacting the organization. Investigation of challenges like consumer behaviour shift, changed societal mind set, employee related government laws, changing norms and market trends, and variable economic conditio ns faced by the management and strategic department of TESCO Public Limited is also included along with the measures that have been taken to confront them. Table of Contents Statement of submission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦02 Acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.03 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..04 Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦05 Management approach towards an open organisational system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 a. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 b. An open model system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦06 c. TESCO PLC- an introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....07 PESTEL analysis of TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....08 Division of work at TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦..12 a. What is division of work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......12 b. Work division model implemented in TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....13 c. Analysis of work division at TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 d. Organisational chart of TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........14 Culture at TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦15 a. Cultural characteristics of TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....15 b. Factors influencing its organisational culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ..15 Current organisational struggling scenario of TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......................16 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....17 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....18 References...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Management Approach towards an Open Organisational System Introduction: An Open System Model: Before analysing the management’s approach towards an organisation, let us first define an open system and its relation with